Common+Core

=Common Core Standards for Literacy in Social Studies, Science, and the Technical Subjects=

These are the standards that our department will be responsible for. A student's proficiency in these standards will be reflected in their MCAS ELA scores. For us this means a greater focus on reading, research, and writing skills. These can be best summarized by the phrase, "research like a detective, write like a reporter."



Reading is critical to building knowledge in history/social studies as well as in science and technical subjects. College and career ready reading in these fields requires an appreciation of the norms and conventions of each discipline, such as the kinds of evidence used in history and science; an understanding of domain-specific words and phrases; an attention to precise details; and the capacity to evaluate intricate arguments, synthesize complex information, and follow detailed descriptions of events and concepts. In history/social studies, for example, students need to be able to analyze, evaluate, and differentiate primary and secondary sources. When reading scientific and technical texts, students need to be able to gain knowledge from challenging texts that often make extensive use of elaborate diagrams and data to convey information and illustrate concepts. Students must be able to read complex informational texts in these fields with independence and confidence because the vast majority of reading in college and workforce training programs will be sophisticated nonfiction. It is important to note that these Reading standards are meant to complement the specific content demands of the disciplines, not replace them. || The grades 6–12 standards on the following pages define what students should understand and be able to do by the end of each grade span.They correspond to the College and Career Readiness (CCR) anchor standards below by number.The CCR and grade-specific standards are necessary complements—the former providing broad standards, the latter providing additional specificity—that together define the skills and understandings that all students must demonstrate.
 * **Note on range and contentof student ** reading
 * College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading **

//Key Ideas and Details // //Craft and Structure // //Integration of Knowledge and Ideas // //Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity //
 * 1. **Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.
 * 2. **Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas.
 * 3. **Analyze how and why individuals, events, or ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.
 * 4. **Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone.
 * 5. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g., a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">6. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">7. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse formats and media, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words.*
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">8. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, including the validity of the reasoning as well as the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">9. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches the authors take.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">10. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Read and comprehend complex literary and informational texts independently and proficiently.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">*Please see “Research to Build and Present Knowledge” in Writing for additional standards relevant to gathering, assessing, and applying information from print and digital sources.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 19px;">Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies 6–12 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">[RH] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14px;">The standards below begin at grade 6; standards for pre-k–5 reading in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects are integrated into the pre-k–5 Reading standards. The CCR anchor standards and high school standards in literacy work in tandem to define college and career readiness expectations—the former providing broad standards, the latter providing additional specificity. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 19px;">Reading Standards for Literacy in Science and Technical Subjects 6–12 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">[RST]
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 6–8 students: ** ||  **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 9–10 students: **  ||  **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 11–12 students: **  ||
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Key Ideas and Details // ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, attending to such features as the date and origin of the information. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, connecting insights gained from specific details to an understanding of the text as a whole. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of the source distinct from prior knowledge or opinions. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary that makes clear the relationships among the key details and ideas. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Identify key steps in a text’s description of a process related to history/social studies (e.g., how a bill becomes law, how interest rates are raised or lowered). || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Evaluate various explanations for actions or events and determine which explanation best accords with textual evidence, acknowledging where the text leaves matters uncertain. ||
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Craft and Structure // ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary specific to domains related to history/social studies. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary describing political, social, or economic aspects of history/social studies. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including analyzing how an author uses and refines the meaning of a key term over the course of a text (e.g., how Madison defines //faction// in //Federalist// No. 10). ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">5. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Describe how a text presents information (e.g., sequentially, comparatively, causally). || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">5. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Analyze how a text uses structure to emphasize key points or advance an explanation or analysis. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">5. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Analyze in detail how a complex primary source is structured, including how key sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text contribute to the whole. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">6. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Identify aspects of a text that reveal an author’s point of view or purpose (e.g., loaded language, inclusion or avoidance of particular facts). || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">6. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Compare the point of view of two or more authors for how they treat the same or similar topics, including which details they include and emphasize in their respective accounts. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">6. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Evaluate authors’ differing points of view on the same historical event or issue by assessing the authors’ claims, reasoning, and evidence. ||
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Integration of Knowledge and Ideas // ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">7. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Integrate visual information (e.g., in charts, graphs, photographs, videos, or maps) with other information in print and digital texts. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">7. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Integrate quantitative or technical analysis (e.g., charts, research data) with qualitative analysis in print or digital text. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">7. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, as well as in words) in order to address a question or solve a problem. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">8. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Distinguish among fact, opinion, and reasoned judgment in a text. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">8. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Assess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the author’s claims. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">8. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Evaluate an author’s premises, claims, and evidence by corroborating or challenging them with other information. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">9. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Analyze the relationship between a primary and secondary source on the same topic. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">9. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Compare and contrast treatments of the same topic in several primary and secondary sources. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">9. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Integrate information from diverse sources, both primary and secondary, into a coherent understanding of an idea or event, noting discrepancies among sources. ||
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity // ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">10. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">By the end of grade 8, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 6–8 text complexity band independently and proficiently <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">10. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 9–10 text complexity band independently and proficiently <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">10. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 11–CCR text complexity band independently and proficiently <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 6–8 students: ** ||  **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 9–10 students: **  ||  **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 11–12 students: **  ||
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Key Ideas and Details // ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to important distinctions the author makes and to any gaps or inconsistencies in the account. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; trace the text’s explanation or depiction of a complex process, phenomenon, or concept; provide an accurate summary of the text. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; summarize complex concepts, processes, or information presented in a text by paraphrasing them in simpler but still accurate terms. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks; analyze the specific results based on explanations in the text. ||
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Craft and Structure // ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to //grades 6–8 texts and topics//. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to //grades 9–10 texts and topics//. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to //grades 11–12 texts and topics//. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">5. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to an understanding of the topic. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">5. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., //force//, //friction//, //reaction force//, //energy//). || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">5. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Analyze how the text structures information or ideas into categories or hierarchies, demonstrating understanding of the information or ideas. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">6. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Analyze the author’s purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">6. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Analyze the author’s purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text, defining the question the author seeks to address. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">6. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Analyze the author’s purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text, identifying important issues that remain unresolved. ||
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Integration of Knowledge and Ideas // ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">7. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">7. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">7. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., quantitative data, video, multimedia) in order to address a question or solve a problem. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">8. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Distinguish among facts, reasoned judgment based on research findings, and speculation in a text. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">8. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Assess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the author’s claim or a recommendation for solving a scientific or technical problem. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">8. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Evaluate the hypotheses, data, analysis, and conclusions in a science or technical text, verifying the data when possible and corroborating or challenging conclusions with other sources of information. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">9. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">9. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Compare and contrast findings presented in a text to those from other sources (including their own experiments), noting when the findings support or contradict previous explanations or accounts. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">9. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Synthesize information from a range of sources (e.g., texts, experiments, simulations) into a coherent understanding of a process, phenomenon, or concept, resolving conflicting information when possible. ||
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity // ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">10. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">By the end of grade 8, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 6–8 text complexity band independently and proficiently <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">10. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 9–10 text complexity band independently and proficiently <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">10. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 11–CCR text complexity band independently and proficiently <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. ||

For students, writing is a key means of asserting and defending claims, showing what they know about a subject, and conveying what they have experienced, imagined, thought, and felt. To be college and career ready writers, students must take task, purpose, and audience into careful consideration, choosing words, information, structures, and formats deliberately. They need to be able to use technology strategically when creating, refining, and collaborating on writing. They have to become adept at gathering information, evaluating sources, and citing material accurately, reporting findings from their research and analysis of sources in a clear and cogent manner. They must have the flexibility, concentration, and fluency to produce high-quality first-draft text under a tight deadline and the capacity to revisit and make improvements to a piece of writing over multiple drafts when circumstances encourage or require it. To meet these goals, students must devote significant time and effort to writing, producing numerous pieces over short and long time frames throughout the year. || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The grades 6–12 standards on the following pages define what students should understand and be able to do by the end of each grade span.They correspond to the College and Career Readiness (CCR) anchor standards below by number.The CCR and grade-specific standards are necessary complements—the former providing broad standards, the latter providing additional specificity—that together define the skills and understandings that all students must demonstrate.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 19px;">College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Franklin Gothic Book','sans-serif';">Note on range and contentof student ** writing

//<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Text Types and Purposes* // //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Production and Distribution of Writing // //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Research to Build and Present Knowledge // //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Range of Writing //
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details and well-structured event sequences.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">5. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">6. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and to interact and collaborate with others.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">7. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects based on focused questions, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">8. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, assess the credibility and accuracy of each source, and integrate the information while avoiding plagiarism.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">9. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">10. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">* <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">These broad types of writing include many subgenres. See Appendix A of the //Common Core State Standards// for definitions of key writing types.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 19px;">Writing Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects 6–12 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">[WHST] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The standards below begin at grade 6; standards for pre-k–5 writing in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects are integrated into the pre-k–5 Writing standards. The CCR anchor standards and high school standards in literacy work in tandem to define college and career readiness expectations—the former providing broad standards, the latter providing additional specificity.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a. Introduce claim(s) about a topic or issue, acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">b. Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant, accurate data and evidence that demonstrate an understanding of the topic or text, using credible sources. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d. Establish and maintain a formal style. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented. || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">1. Write arguments focused on //discipline-specific content//. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a. Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among the claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">b. Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline-appropriate form and in a manner that anticipates the audience’s knowledge level and concerns. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d. Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented. || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">1. Write arguments focused on //discipline-specific content//. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a. Introduce precise, knowledgeable claim(s), establish the significance of the claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that logically sequences the claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">b. Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly and thoroughly, supplying the most relevant data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline-appropriate form that anticipates the audience’s knowledge level, concerns, values, and possible biases. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c. Use words, phrases, and clauses as well as varied syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d. Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented. ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 6–8 ****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">students: ** ||  **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 9–10 ****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">students: **  ||  **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 11–12 ****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> students: **  ||
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Text Types and Purposes // ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Write arguments focused on //discipline-specific content//.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 19px;">Writing Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects 6–12 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">[WHST] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a. Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories as appropriate to achieving purpose; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">b. Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c. Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e. Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">f. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a. Introduce a topic and organize ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">b. Develop the topic with well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience’s knowledge of the topic. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c. Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic and convey a style appropriate to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e. Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">f. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic). || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a. Introduce a topic and organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">b. Develop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience’s knowledge of the topic. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c. Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among complex ideas and concepts. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d. Use precise language, domain-specific vocabulary and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage the complexity of the topic; convey a knowledgeable stance in a style that responds to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation provided (e.g., articulating implications or the significance of the topic). ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 6–8 ****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">students: ** ||  **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 9–10 ****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">students: **  ||  **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 11–12 ****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> students: **  ||
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Text Types and Purposes (continued) // ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Write <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">informative/explanatory texts, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, <span style="color: black; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> or technical processes.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">(See note; not applicable as a separate requirement) || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">(See note; not applicable as a separate requirement) || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">(See note; not applicable as a separate requirement) ||


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Note: **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Students’ narrative skills continue to grow in these grades. The standards require that students be able to incorporate narrative elements effectively into arguments and informative/explanatory texts.In history/social studies, students must be able to incorporate narrative accounts into their analyses of individuals or events of historical import. In science and technical subjects, students must be able to write precise enough descriptions of the step-by-step procedures they use in their investigations or technical work that others can replicate them and (possibly) reach the same results.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 19px;">Writing Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects 6–12 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">[WHST] //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Range of Writing // ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 6–8 ****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">students: ** ||  **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 9–10 ****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">students: **  ||  **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Grades 11–12 ****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> students: **  ||
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Production and Distribution of Writing // ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">5. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on how well purpose and audience have been addressed <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">5. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">5. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach,focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">6. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas clearly and efficiently. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">6 **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology’s capacity to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">6. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, including new arguments or information. ||
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Research to Build and Present Knowledge // ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">7. Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">7. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">7. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">8. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">8. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">8. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source in terms of the specific task, purpose, and audience; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">9 **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">9. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">9. **<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">10. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">10. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences. || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">10. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences. ||